![\"bahcesaray-cesmesi-bahcesaray-fontain\"](\"http:\/\/www.3nokta.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/bahcesaray-cesmesi-bahcesaray-fontain.jpg\" "\\"bahcesaray-cesmesi-bahcesaray-fontain\\"")
<\/p>\n“Puskin, biz Ruslar\u0131n aras\u0131na bir peygamber gibi geldi” (1) diyor Dostoyevski, 26 May\u0131s 1880 de Moskova daki Pu\u015fkin heykelinin (2) a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f t\u00f6reninde. Puskin 1799 da Moskova da dogdu ve 1837 de bir d\u00fcello sonras\u0131nda St.Petersburg da \u00f6ld\u00fc. Bu k\u0131sa hayat\u0131nda nas\u0131l bir Rus d\u00fcnyas\u0131n\u0131n i\u00e7ine girmi\u015fti ve neler yapt\u0131 da t\u00fcm Rusca konusulan \u00fclkelerde hala tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z en b\u00fcy\u00fck \u015fair olarak kabul edilmektedir?<\/p>\n
Puskin zaman\u0131nda Rusya’da hayat;
\n1700 lerde B\u00fcy\u00fck Petro St. Petersburg \u015fehrini kurdu ve t\u00fcm toplumu iyile\u015ftirmeye, avrupala\u015ft\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Insanlar\u0131n giyim tarzlar\u0131ndan, sakal t\u0131ra\u015flar\u0131na kadar bir \u00e7ok konuda de\u011fi\u015fmelerini istedi. Bunun sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan soylu s\u0131n\u0131f\u0131 konusma ve hatta yaz\u0131 dili olarak Frans\u0131zcay\u0131 kullanmaya ba\u015flad\u0131.18.y\u00fczy\u0131l\u0131n son \u00fc\u00e7 \u00e7eyre\u011finde Rusya’da 500 kadar edebiyat eseri bas\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131 ama bunlar\u0131n sadece 7 tanesi Rus k\u00f6kenliydi(3). Soylu bir ailenin \u00e7ocugu olarak dogan Puskin de ald\u0131g\u0131 egitimin sonucu olarak ilk \u015fiirini Frans\u0131zca yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Puskin her ne kadar Frans\u0131zca egitim al\u0131yor olsa da, kendisine bir \u00e7ok masal ve \u015fark\u0131 dizeleri (Rusca) okuyan k\u00f6yl\u00fc bir dad\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan yeti\u015ftirilmi\u015fti.<\/p>\n
1812 y\u0131l\u0131nda Napolyon ve ordusu Rusya ya sald\u0131rd\u0131. Moskova \u015fehrini yakarak terkeden Ruslar, do\u011fan\u0131n da yard\u0131m\u0131yla Napolyon ve ordusunun k\u0131sa zaman i\u00e7inde Rusya y\u0131 terk etmesiyle rahatlad\u0131. Ancak ortada bir sorun vard\u0131, bunca zaman Frans\u0131z k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc ve Frans\u0131zca ile yeti\u015fen soylular, topraklar\u0131na sald\u0131ran, insanlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcren bu millete daha ne kadar yak\u0131n durabilirlerdi.<\/p>\n
Bu sava\u015f\u0131n etkilerinin hissedilmesi zaman alacakt\u0131. Hen\u00fcz 1829 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Puskin’in “Erzurum Yolculu\u011fu” eserinde (4), Puskin Kont Paskevi\u00e7 ile Frans\u0131ca sohbet etmek durumundayd\u0131. (Tolstoy’un (1828-1910) “Sava\u015f ve Bar\u0131\u015f” isimli roman\u0131n\u0131n konusunu Frans\u0131zlarla yap\u0131lan sava\u015f ve bunun etkileri olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. )<\/p>\n
Puskin in yapt\u0131klar\u0131;
\nIste, toplumun t\u00fcm k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bat\u0131dan ithal etti\u011fi bu ortamda, okuryazar k\u00f6yl\u00fcden, soylulara kadar herkese hitap eden ilk yazar Pu\u015fkin oldu. Puskin devlet hizmetinden uzak durarak sadece yazarl\u0131k yapan ilk soyluydu.<\/p>\n
1820 y\u0131l\u0131nda “\u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck” kasidesi ve “Ruslan ve Ludmila” epik \u015fiiri yay\u0131nland\u0131. Puskin, Ruslan ve Ludmilla eserini isimsiz gen\u00e7 g\u00fczel kad\u0131nlara ithaf etmi\u015ftir. Ithaf, 6 \u015fark\u0131 ve sons\u00f6z b\u00f6l\u00fcmlerinden olu\u015fan eserde Kiev prensi Vladimir’in k\u0131z\u0131 Ludmila’n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 ve m\u00fcstakbel e\u015fi Ruslan’\u0131n onu kurtarmas\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n
\u00d6zellikle, \u00d6zg\u00fcrl\u00fck kasidesi I. Aleksandr’\u0131 k\u0131zd\u0131rd\u0131 ve Puskin, G\u00fcney Rusya’ya s\u00fcr\u00fcld\u00fc. \u015eair, Kafkasya,K\u0131r\u0131m,Moldova ve Odessa da ya\u015famak zorunda kald\u0131. “Bah\u00e7esaray \u00c7e\u015fmesi” bu d\u00f6nemdeki (1820-24) eserlerinden biridir. Puskin alttaki resimde yer alan \u00e7e\u015fmeden esinlenmi\u015f ve eseri sayesinde Bah\u00e7e\u015fehir ismi Ruslar taraf\u0131ndanda benimsenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n
1824-26 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda bu sefer annesinin dogdugu \u015fehire(Pskov,Estonya s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131na yak\u0131n) s\u00fcrg\u00fcne g\u00f6nderildi. “Boris Godunov” oyununu bu d\u00f6nemde yazd\u0131. Ancak bu eser s\u00fcrg\u00fcn ve sans\u00fcr nedeniyle ancak 1831 y\u0131l\u0131nda yay\u0131nlanabildi.<\/p>\n
1825 y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131n Aral\u0131k ay\u0131nda, \u00c7ar a kar\u015f\u0131 ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131z bir darbe giri\u015fimi yap\u0131ld\u0131. Aral\u0131k ay\u0131 olmas\u0131 nedeniyle, bu darbeyi yapanlara Dekabristler (Rusca Dekabr=Aral\u0131k) denildi. Puskin d\u0131sar\u0131dan da olsa bu olay\u0131 destekliyordu, ancak fiilen s\u00fcrg\u00fcnde olmas\u0131 ceza almas\u0131n\u0131 da engellemi\u015f oldu.<\/p>\n
1826 Eyl\u00fcl ay\u0131nda \u00c7ar I. Nikolay onu davet etti ve s\u00fcrg\u00fcn hayat\u0131 k\u0131smen bitmi\u015f oldu. 1828 y\u0131l\u0131nda bir davette kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 Natalya Gonchorava ya evlenme teklif etti ancak bu teklifi kabul edilmedi.<\/p>\n
1829 y\u0131l\u0131nda Osmanl\u0131 Rus sava\u015f\u0131na g\u00f6zlemci olarak kat\u0131ld\u0131 ve “Erzurum Yolculu\u011fu” isimli gezi yaz\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 kaleme ald\u0131. Bir sonraki yaz\u0131mda anlataca\u011f\u0131m “ya vas lubil” (sizi sevdim) isimli me\u015fhur \u015fiirini bu d\u00f6nemde yazd\u0131g\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.<\/p>\n
Sava\u015f sonras\u0131nda Moskova ya d\u00f6nd\u00fc ve sonunda Natalya’y\u0131 evlenmeye ikna etti. Bu evlilikten 4 cocugu oldu.
\n![\"Puskin](\"http:\/\/www.3nokta.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/puskin-ve-esi.jpg\" "\\"Puskin")
<\/p>\n
1833 y\u0131l\u0131nda en \u00f6nemli eserlerinden “Yevgeni Onegin” yay\u0131mland\u0131. Bu eseri 1825 y\u0131l\u0131nda yazmaya ba\u015flam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Caykovski taraf\u0131ndan opera olarak da bestelenmi\u015ftir. Eserdeki bayan karakter Tatyana g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc ve d\u00fcr\u00fcst Rus kad\u0131n\u0131n\u0131 canland\u0131r\u0131rken, Onegin ise karas\u0131z ve tutars\u0131z soyludur. Bu nedenle eserin isminin neden Tatyana olmad\u0131g\u0131n\u0131 anlamak da zorluk \u00e7ekmi\u015fimdir. Puskin’in bu en \u00fcnl\u00fc eserindeki duello sahnesini izlerken veya okurken sanki Puskin in kendi \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn olu\u015fumunu hissetti\u011fi inanc\u0131na kap\u0131lmamak elde de\u011fil.<\/p>\n
1833-37 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda herkesce bilinen ve t\u00fcm kitap\u00e7\u0131larda hatta marketlerde sat\u0131lan eserleri “Y\u00fczba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n K\u0131z\u0131” roman\u0131n\u0131 ve “Ma\u00e7a K\u0131z\u0131” hikayelerini yazm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Gogol ile arkada\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 da yine bu d\u00f6nemde (Gogol’un “Palto” isimli hikayesini okuman\u0131z\u0131 tavsiye ederim) olu\u015fmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n
1837 y\u0131l\u0131nda, e\u015fi Natalya ya ilgisinden \u015f\u00fcphelendi\u011fi Frans\u0131z Anthens isimli bir subay\u0131 (d\u00f6nemin do\u011fal sonucu olarak) d\u00fcelloya davet etmi\u015f ve bu d\u00fcelloda ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yara nedeniyle 2 g\u00fcn sonra St. Petersburg’da \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n
1990 y\u0131l\u0131nda, Pu\u015fkin’e ait oldu\u011fu \u00f6ne s\u00fcr\u00fclen bir g\u00fcnl\u00fck Amerika’da yay\u0131nland\u0131. Puskin’in \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden 100 y\u0131l sonra yay\u0131nlanmas\u0131n\u0131 istedi\u011fi iddia edilen bu g\u00fcnl\u00fck, “Gizli G\u00fcnce”, ortal\u0131g\u0131 biraz kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131. Bu g\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcnden \u00f6nceki son 2 y\u0131lda yazd\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ve \u00f6mr\u00fc boyunca ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131 olaylar\u0131 \u00f6zellikle g\u00fcnahlar\u0131n\u0131 ve cinsellik i\u00e7eren an\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 kaleme ald\u0131g\u0131n\u0131 s\u00f6yleyebiliriz.<\/p>\n
(1) Dostoyevski, Pu\u015fkin Konusmas\u0131, Ileti\u015fim Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, 2009
\n(2) Bu heykel, bugun Moskova daki Puskin meydan\u0131ndad\u0131r. 1880 de Tverskaya caddesinin di\u011fer taraf\u0131na dikilmi\u015f, Stalin d\u00f6neminde y\u0131k\u0131lan kilisenin yerine, yani bug\u00fcnk\u00fc yerine, 1950 y\u0131l\u0131nda ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Alttaki resime dikkatli bakarsan\u0131z sol alt k\u00f6\u015fede g\u00f6rece\u011finiz heykel, ortada g\u00f6z\u00fcken b\u00fcy\u00fck kilisenin yerine gelmi\u015ftir. K\u0131z\u0131l meydandan yakla\u015f\u0131k 2 km uzakta, Tverskaya caddesinin devam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Buras\u0131 \u00e7ok \u00f6nemli bir bulu\u015fma noktas\u0131d\u0131r. Nerde bulu\u015fal\u0131m? Puskin meydan\u0131!
\n![\"puskin](\"http:\/\/www.3nokta.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/puskin-meydani.jpg\" "\\"puskin")
\n(3) Orlando Figes,Nata\u015fa’n\u0131n Dans\u0131,Inkilap Kitabevi,2009
\n(4) Pu\u015fkin, Erzurum Yolculu\u011fu,Is Bankas\u0131 Yay\u0131nlar\u0131,2008<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
“Puskin, biz Ruslar\u0131n aras\u0131na bir peygamber gibi geldi” (1) diyor Dostoyevski, 26 May\u0131s 1880 de Moskova daki Pu\u015fkin heykelinin (2) a\u00e7\u0131l\u0131\u015f t\u00f6reninde. Puskin 1799 da Moskova da dogdu ve 1837…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13715,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[1074,1075,1076,1131],"class_list":["post-158","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-denemek","tag-puskin","tag-puskin-2","tag-puskin-turkiye-ye-geldi-mi","tag-rus-edebiyatinin-en-onemli-sairi-kimdir"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.3nokta.com\/3Nokta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/158","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.3nokta.com\/3Nokta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.3nokta.com\/3Nokta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.3nokta.com\/3Nokta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.3nokta.com\/3Nokta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=158"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.3nokta.com\/3Nokta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/158\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.3nokta.com\/3Nokta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13715"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.3nokta.com\/3Nokta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=158"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.3nokta.com\/3Nokta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=158"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.3nokta.com\/3Nokta\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=158"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}